A study from Arizona USA (Harriman and Berger 1984) evaluated the effect of a pesticide based on 1.0 % 4-AP bait to prevent damage on maize shoots from ravens (Corvus corax) and rodents. The study observed a reduction in the number of damaged shoots in the treatment fields in comparison to the control (RR = 0.09). Another US study (Johnson-Nistler et al. 2005), conducted in Montana, evaluated three different compounds for their effect in reducing the presence of Richardson’s ground squirrel (Spermophilus richardsonii) in alfalfa plots. The largest reduction in observed number of ground squirrels compared to a control plot (RR = 0.18) was achieved with Chlorophacinone (Rozol). Zinc phosphide (single lethal dose) also reduced the number of observed squirrels (RR = 0.46) but the reduction was lower when Diphacinone (Ramik-Green) was used (RR = 0.77). For birds specifically, Linz and Bergman (1996) evaluated the potential of the avicide DRC-1339 98% technical concentrate (CAS No. 7745-89-3) to reduce blackbird (Icterinae) damage on sunflower but did not find significant differences in the proportional damage between treatment and control fields (RR = 0.72).
