Hazing is a form of active deterrence, where people are subjecting carnivores to unpleasant stimuli to enhance the deterring effect of human presence. In Zimbabwe, (Sibanda et al. 2022) studied the effect of community-guards that used vuvuzelas to deter GPS-collared lions (Panthera leo) from villages and prevent livestock losses. Livestock losses did not decrease in treatment villages, and the method did not effectively reduce the risk of livestock losses relative to control villages (RR = 0.71).
