Some livestock types may be less susceptible to livestock predation or even function as a deterrence towards carnivores. In a Colombian study (Valderrama-Vasquez et al. 2024), paddocks of livestock herds mixed with Creole cattle suffered a lower risk of Jaguar (Panthera onca) and Puma (Puma concolor) predation relative to unprotected livestock (RR = 0.05).
